Study Guide Essay Example For Students

Study Guide Essay The artist depicted figures Within settings that demonstrate he use of atmospheric perspective. What techniques did Italian Baroque artist, Aggravating, use in The Conversion of Saint Paul Aggravations intense level of realism was hardly appreciated by his peers. This artist shows everything, from dirty fingernails, to the dirty bottoms of feet, to the bruises and worm holes on apples and the holes in pierced ears. What techniques did Spanish Baroque artist, Diego Velazquez, use in Lass Manias. Vela ©squeeze involves the viewer by creating a convincing space and eye contact with the subjects in the matting. Description of Landscape with the Burial of Pocono by French Baroque artist Nicolas Poisson, Poisson arranges an idealized landscape with all to the elements carefully constructed. Description to Elevation to the Cross by Baroque artist Peter Paul Rueben of the Netherlands. The color palette and contrast in light and dark are subtle and subdued How can you describe the techniques and style of Baroque artist Rembrandt of the Netherlands in his alternates? Eave outlines Description to French artist Jean-Baptists-Simenon Chagrin_ his genre paintings which depict kitchen maids, children, and domestic activities. Carefully balanced composition, soft diffusion of light, and granular impasto characterize his work. Description of Dutch Baroque artist Vermeer. Vermeer was a moderately successful provincial genre painter in his lifetime. He seems never to hue been particularly w ealthy, leaving his Wife and children in debt at his death, perhaps because he produced relatively few paintings. We will write a custom essay on Study Guide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Description Of French artist Jacques-Louis Davits Oath Of the Horntail. David succeeded in ennobling these passions and transforming these virtues into something sublime. Chronicle and Poisson had already used this same subject and treated it as a sentimental and aristocratic game. How was Neoclassical architect Thomas Jefferson inspired by Classical art when planning his plantation home, Monticello? He used a similar portico, columns, and dome. French artist Eugene Deltoid incorporated what Romantic conventions in Liberty Leading the People? They avoided and turned away from rational hinging and reasoning and depicted emotion and drama. Description of Spanish Romantic artist Francisco Soys The Third of May, 1808 . In the work. Soya sought to commemorate Spanish resistance to Napoleons armies during the occupation of 1808 in the peninsular War. Similarities and differences of Neoclassical artist Davits Oath of the Horntail and the Romantic artist Dielectrics Liberty Leading the People. David used smooth brushstrokes to enhance the lifelike quality of the figures, Delicacies used expressive brushstrokes to create drama.

101 Analysis and Never Marry a Mexican Professor Ramos Blog

101 Analysis and Never Marry a Mexican â€Å"Never Marry a Mexican† Quick Write Why did Cisneros write this story from the perspective of an adultress? What is the value in that? â€Å"Never Marry a Mexican† â€Å"Never Marry a Mexican† short story by Sandra Cisneros. Let’s break it down. Who are the characters? What themes do you notice? What point of view did the author use? What are some key scenes that stick out to you? Analysis Introduction In a literary analysis, the introduction is important because it needs to do some work. It needs to set up your argument, position, and prepare the reader for the work you are doing. Here are two examples from previous semester that do this well. How Clemencia’s Mother Ruined Her Love Life Look at how the author sets up their analysis. They don’t begin with I. They set up the topic, leading to their argument and thesis. Everything you need to know about the paper is in the introduction. Never Marry a Mexican: The Hidden Complexities of Clemencia This intro has a lot of work to do to set up the more complex argument that the author is making. They spend more time explaining so that the reader can follow along with the argument. It includes their position. Use any one of these as models to structure your introduction. Make sure to introduce your topic, explain your position, and provide a clear thesis. Never Marry a Mexican, The Movie We have discussed the story Never Marry a Mexican in class. Now, imagine that we are tasked with casting the movie version of the short story. Who would you pick to play the parts of the story? Make sure to explain why. The Cast: Clemencia Drew Megan Drew’s Son Ximena Clemencia’s Mom Clemencia’s Dad Come up with a cast for the movie. Pay special attention to Clemencia and Drew. Who would be perfect for the part? Why? Homework Read Los Boxers

Revision Timetables as an Effective Way of Making Learners Calm During Essay

Revision Timetables as an Effective Way of Making Learners Calm During Examination Process - Essay Example Advantages of revision timetables individual locate a good place for revision, which is important for most individuals who want to excel in their studies. Concentration is a major factor in a revision because it contributes to the understanding of concepts. A quiet place with a desk is ideal for any students who want to achieve their goals (Cottrell 2007). A comforting place helps individuals engage with what they are studying, and understanding becomes easy. In addition to, another advantage, of creating revision timetables, is that it helps individuals recall and summarize their notes. Revision timetables are an effective way of reading for exams in the end. There are disadvantages because it is not applicable to a situation where the date of the examination is closed. The technique works when there is adequate time to plan for examination. It is not applicable where the time to revise is limited. In the scenario where the time is limited, the revision timetable is difficult to use (Sherratt 2012). Exam timetables have been individualized for most students when they want to read about their assessment tests. Individuals who create an organized timetable can create breaks. The breaks are important to the readers because it helps them to relieve stress during the revision process. Anxiety and stress create panic among students when it comes to revising for an examination (Smeeton 2005). Statistics indicate that most parents do not encourage and motivate their children, and it creates the panic among them. One of the weaknesses of exam revision timetables is that parents do not offer words of encouragement. Checking the exams timetable of students encourages them to work extra. A balanced revision timetable helps the students have a balanced study plan that involves balancing all subjects. Revision timetable helps in managing all because to achieve the set target all subjects are balanced. Listing all subjects and organizing them in a timetable helps in balancing all subjects.

The different directions in Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The different directions in Judaism - Essay Example Most people translate the Halakha as a Jewish law, however, in the real sense, it means the path. That is the manner in which people ought to live. On this basis, most Jews who lived in the diaspora used the Halakha as a source of their religious and civil laws. In the contemporary and modern Jewish society, the personal and the family laws are always under the authority of the rabbi courts. On this basis, the family and personal values are always under the guidance of the Halakha. In interpreting the Halakha, there are three main Jewish directions, namely the Orthodox, the liberal, and the Hasidism directions. The Orthodox Jews believe in the Halakha as a religious system (Landesmann and Jones, 2012). They believe that the Halakha is a revelation of the will of God. Orthodox Jews believe that the Rabbis have a duty of interpreting the written Torah, where its provisions are not clear. However, they must only to do so with the regulations specified by Moses, at the mountain of Sinai. These regulations under consideration were transmitted orally, and they are clearly explained in the book of Talmud. Orthodox Jews believe that no rabbi has an authority to change the Jewish laws contained in the Talmud and the Torah, all they can do is to give an interpretation of these laws. However, their interpretations are subject to change, and reconsideration. According to the Orthodox Judaism, the role of a woman is dynamic and complex. Women under the Orthodox Judaism are allowed to engage in business, to observe the Sabbath, to engage in activities aimed for their personal development, and this includes academics, etc. The role of Jewish Orthodox women revolve around the mentioned areas. However, the Halakha does not identify the specific duties and roles of women amongst the Orthodox Jews; however, the orthodox Jews believe that the Halakha only provides guidance on how women should live. The orthodox Jews believe in the role of a

Animal Memory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Animal Memory - Essay Example This experiment can serve as a starting point for more researchers on neural networks that enable animals to learn from the environment. This effort requires neuroscientists to look into the brain functions of live animals. Scrub Jays are known to store or cache foods for their consumption. An experiment by Clayton et al. showed a resemblance of rationality in the part of the scrub jays regarding their food caching behavior. Scrub Jays were made to cache perishable and non-perishable foods in distinct trays. Upon retrieval of these food types, scrub jays appeared to display rationality by picking first perishable food over non-perishable ones. A behavior like this, according to the researchers, requires memory of past experiences with types of food in order to make a decision of effectively using his stored food. In another experiment, scrub jays were found to retain memories of pilferage of their cached food and thus resorted to caching food in private or retrieving food in private. These two experiments illustrate the complex behavior of scrub jays which are not witnessed in other animals. Dolphins were found to demonstrate memory of complex commands (Mercado et al. 210). In their experiment, a bottlenosed dolphin was able to replicate 36 behaviors it was tested on. It was also able to perform simultaneous and self-selected activities which signified, according to the researchers, the ability of dolphins to flexibly utilize recent behavior for the replication of complex activities.

Agency Theory And Stakeholder Theory Commerce Essay

Agency Theory And Stakeholder Theory Commerce Essay The development of corporate governance is a global issue, the issue of corporate governance has come to prominence in various fields contains refers knowledge of finance, economics, accounting, law, management, organizational behaviour and so on. The term corporate governance and its daily usage in financial fields have attracted more and more public attention in the last thirty years. There are sorts of theories adopt in the corporate governance, while I will concentrate on two main streams of them: one is agency theory which is based on the interests of shareholders; the other is stakeholder theory which is based on the profits of all the stakeholders. The main aims of this paper are introduce and explore the agency theory and the stakeholder theory, compare and contrast these two theories. Apart from the introduction, the structure of this paper is as follows: the theoretical review of both agency theory and stakeholder theory is included in the next part; then, I will describe the contribution of the agency theory as well as how wrong is the agency theory; similarly, the fourth parts consist of two aspect of the stakeholder theory: the contributions and some criticisms; the final section is the conclusion. Theoretical review Agency theory In the early literature, classical economics considered that majority of corporations were not only owned but also controlled by the shareholders who have funding proprietors. With respect to standpoint of separation of ownership and control, it was firstly pointed out by Smith in 1838. In the later work of Berle and Means (1932), they hold the view that with countries industrialization and markets development, the ownership and control of corporations has been separated. The purpose of this action is to give an important explanation for corporate behaviour and the problems confronting owners (fragmented and dispersed shareholders) who attempt to exert their rights over the managers who have gained control in the modern cooperation. According to Arrow (1971), the origins of agency theory can be traced back to the 1960s and early 1970s, more and more economists detected and pay attention to the risk among individuals or groups. He mentioned that in the case of different argument toward risk insisted by the cooperating parties, the risk sharing problem occurred. 6 years later, Jensen together with Meckling pointed out Agency theory in their article; in addition, they defined an agency relationship as a contract under which one or more persons (the principals) engage another person (the agent) to perform some service on their behalf which involves delegating some decision making authority to the agent. For example, it is widely accepted that the agency relationship is between the owners (as the principal) and the managers (as agents). The aim of agency theory is to provide necessary monitoring to reduce the so called agency problems arise in agency relationship between the principal and the agent. One problem is that whether the behalf of agent is applicable or not can not be testified by the principals. The expect or goals of the principal and agent conflict brings to the first agency problem; more over, when it is difficult or expensive for the principal to know what the agent is doing in details and exactly, agency problem rises either. The other problem is the risk sharing between the principal and the agent. Due to the different risk preferences, there is distance between the action of the principal and the agent. An overview of agency theory is given in Table 1 (Eisenhardt, K. M 1989). Table 1 Agency Theory Overview Key idea Principal agent relationships should reflect efficient organization of information and risk bearing costs Unit of analysis Contract between principal and agent Human assumption Human assumption Bounded rationality Risk aversion Organizational assumption Partial goal conflict among participants assumptions Efficiency as the effectiveness criterion Information asymmetry between principal and agent Information assumption Information as a purchasable commodity Agency (moral hazard and adverse selection) Contracting problem Risk sharing Problem domain Relationships in which the principal and domain agent have partly differing goals and risk preferences (e.g., compensation, regulation, leadership, impression management, whistle blowing, vertical integration, transfer pricing) Stakeholder theory of the firms Donna Card Charron (2007) reported that the stakeholder theory has gone through three stages until now. The first stage of stakeholder theory is from the 1960s through early 1980s, the stakeholder theory agenda was proposed by the corporate revisionists. During this period, a new idea social institution was advocated to replace the stockholder ownership in the firm. In the early 1970s, stakeholder theory was accepted by the business ethics professors. Between the late 1980s and 2000, the stakeholder theory is ongoing the second stage. Corporate managers turn to interest in the stakeholder theory until they know that stockholders are just one aspect of stakeholders among many. It is significant for them to defend themselves against stockholder rights activities. In the middle of 1990s until 2000, corporate revisionists look forward to build the claims of stakeholders. All the participants and assistants who share the risk and create profits for the firms are stakeholders. They should obtain a balance share of the riches created by the joint efforts (Clarkson 2002: 1)). According to Donna Card Charron (2007), it is imperative for managers observe the following principles: (1).Monitor and respond to concerns and interests of all legitimate stakeholders. (2)Communicate with stakeholders about their concerns, contributions, and risks. (3).Act with sensitivity to each stakeholder group. (4)Attempt to achieve a fair distribution of benefits and burdens. (5)Insure that risks are minimized and harms are compensated. (6)Never jeopardize inalienable human rights or deceive concerning risks. (7). Deal with the conflicts of its self interest and the interest of stakeholders through public institutions, public reports, incentive systems, and third party review. The stakeholder theory was widely acceptable by the end of this stage. In the third stage of stakeholder theory currently, Value Based Management pointed out the effects of stakeholders toward to the firms can not be ignore and even important, there is a positive relationship between the wealth of stakeholders and that of stockholders. Different from agency theory which focuses exclusively on interests of shareholders, the Stakeholder theory concentrates on the interests of all the parties in the corporation. Stakeholder theory is considered as a theory of organizational management and ethics. Under this theory, what the managers should do is not only to maximize shareholder value, but also benefit the profits of the stakeholder group. Groups or individuals in the corporation, whose interests and benefits have a close relationship (gains or loss) with the corporation action, are called stakeholders. Sometimes, the concept of stakeholders is a generalization of notion of stockholders who can propose some special claim on the firm (R.Edward). Stockholders are given the right to demand certain actions by management; similarly, stakeholders can also make claims. The assumption of stakeholder theory is the values are imperative and tangible a part of doing business. R.Edwatd et al. (2004) propose that stakeholder theory is managerial, and it reflects and directs how managers operate rather than primarily addressing management theories and economists. Two key questions of the stakeholder theory are mentioned in Freemans article (1994). The first question is the purpose of the organization. This is very helpful and useful for managers to express the share awareness of the value they create and what brings its major stakeholder together. In addition, this push forward the firms itself expect it to create sound performance by considering both its aims and marketplace financial metrics. The second question asked in the stakeholder theory is what responsibility management has to stakeholders. These encourage managers to know how they want to do business. Particularly, they are looking for an appropriate kind of relationship with stakeholders to ach ieve their own interests. The core of stakeholder theory, economic value is that large numbers of people come and work together to advance their situation, is accordance with the fundamental modern economic realities. In order to impulse more and more workers to do their best for the firms, it is necessary and crucial for managers to develop relationships and create communication with stakeholders. (See R.Edward Freeman, Andrew C. Wicks, Bidhan Parmar 2004) It is widely accepted that shareholder is significant party in the firm and interests are a critical characteristic. In terms of profits, it is not the driver in the process of value creation while the results. Contribution of the Agency theory Perrow (1986) noted that the key point of the agency theory is focused on the significance of motivation and self interest. Under the agency theory, any ideas and activities of the organizations are based on self interests; furthermore, a common problem structure across the research topics is important either. There are two contributions to organizational thinking created by the agency theory in Eisenhardt, K. Ms work paper (1989). First of all, information is considered as a good, in another word, information can be sold by people if it is necessary. It can be divided into formal information system and informal information system. The former includes budgeting, MBO, and boards of directors; while the later one consists of managerial supervision that just in organizational research. If the principals want to know what the agents are doing and whether their action is appreciate or not, invest the information system is a good approach. An explanation of this is executive compensation (Kathleeen M. Elsenhardt 1989). A great many authors showed that they are surprised at the insufficient of performance found on executive compensations. On the contrary, since the compensation is affected by different kind of elements such as information system in the agency theory, the above argument is easy to accept. In addition, the risk implication of agency theory is another contribution. There are various uncertain future such as prosperity, bankruptcy and some secondary consequence that corporation may meet. Whether the future of firms is bad or sound depends on the performance of organizational participates. The outcome of firms, to large extent, is affected by the environmental factors that cover government regulation, new similar competitors, science and technology innovation and so on. Agency theory encourages the ramifications of outcome uncertainly to indication for producing risk. For instance, some behaviour of principals in the companies such as make or buy decision is not influenced by the uncertainty technology and demand (Walker and Weber 1984). Although they do not know that the reason is transaction cost framework; their conclusion covers the idea of agency if the managers of the firms are risk neutral. Walker and Weber concluded such a conclusion that outcome uncertainty is no t associated with risk neutral principal. On the other hand, the outcome uncertainty is extremely sensitive to risk principals in new venture. If the firm is new and not big enough, the limitation of capital and resources for predicting the uncertainty will lead to the frequency of the failure. The managers on such firms are risk averse principals. From the agency theory perspective, the relationship between managers and outcome uncertainty is extremely close. For example, in order to maintain and develop the firm, managers are more likely to adopt buy decision to transfer risk. On balance, agency theory predicts that risk neutral managers are likely to choose make option (behaviour based contract), whereas risk averse executives are likely to choose buy (outcome based contract). How wrong is the agency theory? The adoption of the agency theory for corporate governance become widely accepts all over the world, especially in the UK and the US. The agency theory indeed brings some merits for the corporations. However, more and more faults are showed by the recent literature research and firm practice like Enron, Xerox, and WorldCom. This paper will focus on the Enron to explain how wrong the agency theory is. Thousands of employees losing their life savings tied up in the energy companys stock due to the collapse of Enron which is considered as the largest bankruptcy in US history (Thomas Clarke 2004). The following introduction about the Enron is based on the lecture notes of Bob Wearing (2008). Generally speaking, Enron is an intelligent gambling that covers many aspects: firstly, allow high risk accounting; secondly, allowing 50% of assets to be shifted into off balance sheet entities; thirdly, waiving the ethics code to allow self dealing transactions; fourthly, ignoring directors conflicts of interests; Finally, failing to monitor executive compensation. The foundation of the Enron business is risk management. It expects to get ahead to traditional, vertically integrate kind of institution by using risk management. Enron adopt its own methods to protect the Enron stock, its funds will be inflated when Enrons share price fell. Bankruptcy is the destination of Enron once credit agencie s decreased Enrons rating. Most non executive directors are paid as consultant from the directors fees; consequently, they can not be characterized independently. At the same time, directors received various types of gifts from Enron. The award for Andrew Fastow (CEO) remains a secret, and another CEO (Kenneth Lay) get much secrete money from the company. In the case of decreasing of the companys stock in 2001, board members and senior employees obtain profit by cashing in share options, meanwhile, the rest of employees do not loss anything as they let their pension plans out of Enron stock. All in all, the shortcomings of the agency theory become obvious. In the first place, due to the asymmetric information system, the deficiency of agency theory that covers several aspects is become obvious. The first one is called moral hazard agency conflicts that are the root reason for the Enron failure. Moral hazard agency conflicts were mentioned by Jensen and Meckling in 1976. Moral hazard arises when the agents action, or the outcome of that action, is only imperfectly observable to the principal. A manager, for example, may exercise a low level of effort, waste corporate resources, or take inappropriate risks (Joseph Heath et al. 2004). Jenson (1986) hold the view that fresh cash flow will face much more difficulties from moral hazard problem in big and developed companies. In addition, moral hazard problem is relevant with the inefficiency of managerial effort. The motivation and enthusiasm of managers will be dropped off for small equity stakes they own. Thereby, company va lue will be affected or even harmed. The second one is named adverse selection. Adverse selection can arise when the agent has some private information, prior to entering into relations with the principal. Individuals with poor skills or aptitude will present themselves as having superior ones, people with low motivation will apply for the positions that involve the least supervision, and so forth (Joseph Heath et al. 2004). In the second place, shareholders, the owner of the company, are able to enjoy the companys residual claims. They shoulder the operating and capital risk rather than whole risk. Other stakeholders such as creditors, managers, employees who shares risks should be given the similar rights. Contribution of stakeholder theory According to the stakeholder theory, the objective of corporate existence is nor the shareholders only. The close nexus in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) that is the main stream of the corporate tendency is a apparent contribution of the stakeholder theory. A large number of literature and research find out that companies concentrate on CSR which is considered as origin of competition advantages is more likely to accept and get benefits. It is, to some extent, benefits the corporation as a whole, in the long runs at least. Changing the objectives of corporate governance from the maximize the interests of shareholders to maximize the value of the company. Stakeholder theory breaks through the traditional framework. The stake of firms owned by a large number of dispersed shareholders in modern enterprise. The maximization of the interests of shareholders does not mean the maximization of corporate value, or even damage the interests of other stakeholders, such as the hostile takeover. Stakeholder theory suggests that the other individuals and parties should also be considered stakeholders, such as creditors, employees, suppliers, customers, government and community, corporate governance should be the stakeholders of the coordination mechanisms of conflict of interest, balance and co ordinate conflict of interest to all stakeholders to maximize the benefits (Liu Dan 2003). The power of corporate is redistributed in the process of game among stakeholders. Modern companies are characterized by separation between ownership and control; thereby a principal agent relationship is formed between the principal and the agent. Unfortunately, the interests of these two parties are not always consistent. The managers tend to abuse their special power and damage the interests of shareholders by the reason of their insider status. The agency cost problem occurs when an efficient monitoring system is needed. The main purpose of corporate governance is not only monitoring managers effectively but also minimizing agency costs. The traditional way to adjust the dimension of the structure of the board of directors are enhancing the independence of the board of directors; improving the control of shareholders in order to strengthen their position; developing institutional investors to effective the rights of shareholders (Liu Dan 2003). But these ideas only deal with prob lems partly. It is difficult to change the level of corporate governance fundamentally. Stakeholder theory suggests that the key point of corporate governance is as follows: it is unavailable to deliver much more rights and control to shareholders. On the contrary, managers should be separated from shareholders who usually give pressure and leave enough rights and interests to other stakeholders such as employees, creditors and so on. For instance, one important programme is allowing the key stakeholders become the companys board of directors and supervisors by increasing the ownership and control of the company (Liu Dan 2003). The highlight of human capital is advocated in stakeholder theory. Traditional theory holds that the owner of firms is the investors who provide capital for firm; accordingly, the ultimate goal of company is to safeguard the interests of investors. Here the word capital is limited to physical capital, but not human capital. This argument is acceptable and suitable in the early era of large scale industrial machinery, while not appropriate and outdate in current era of knowledge economy. The existence and development of the organization is increasingly affected not only by the management degree of managers but also the advanced technology of workers. Technology and other human capital contribution to the enterprise are far more than physical capital (Liu Dan2003). Criticism of the stakeholder theory On the whole, stakeholder theory is incompatible with good corporate governance for it is with business (see Elaine Sternberg 1997). Accountability is one of the most important concepts in corporate governance. It consists of directors to shareholders, firm workers and other corporate agents to the incorporation as well. The notion that the owner of firms is responsible for their corporation is disapproved in stakeholder theory. On the other hand, what the stakeholder theory calls for is all the stakeholders are responsible for corporations. Such key principle is not realistic checked and work out wholly. Everyone take charge of company means no one will take charge of company. Various accountability make sense if all the stakeholders have a clear similar goal, otherwise it does not make sense at all. However, the stakeholder theory prefer to the later. More over, there is not an effective standard to judge and evaluate corporate agents given by stakeholder theory (Elaine Sternberg 1997). Duo to the unclear balancing stakeholder profits, it is not a good way evaluate objective performance of firms. It is discretional for managers to seek their own interests which are always selfish by using this method. Consequently, stakeholder theory has comprehensive control of haughty and selfish managers as well as lavishness wages, perquisite and premises. At the same time, the phenomenal of empire building acquisitions that make little business sense exists widespread in the stakeholder theory. Even though the original purpose and expectation of the stakeholder theory is hopeful, it is difficult to carry on and enhance corporate performance as well as corporate governance. Unlike the traditional theory which described that objective of firms is maximizing economic profits; objective in the stakeholder theory covers social, political as well as economic field. The efficiency of the business operation will be weakening in such situation. This leads to a dilemma for the company: firstly, pursuit of profit maximizing hence enhance the social costs and increase the loss of social welfare. Secondly, negative externalities of business activities will be reduced by using various types of control means, but they worse the inefficiency of economy. Conclusion To sum up, two popular theories used by corporate governance, agency theory and stakeholder theory are introduced and compared in this paper. The original purpose and expectation of these theories is to develop and enhance the level to corporate governance. The key diversity towards corporate interests between these two theories is: for agency theory, the interests of shareholders mean the corporate profits; with respect to the stakeholder theory, corporate interests should cover the profits of all the stakeholders. Different from traditional theories, agency theory pays unprecedented attention on information system, outcomes uncertainty and risk. These performance are beneficial for corporate alleviate or even avoid some conflicts and problems between principals and agents. However, after the case of Enron which is a characteristic failure, people become aware of shortcomings of agency theory. Due to the asymmetric information, moral hazard and adverse selection bring difficulties to governance. Even though, stakeholder theory does not have a clear notion about the quantity and quality of stakeholders, and it is, to some extent, unrealistic to carry on; the contribution of stakeholder theory can not be ignored. Changing the objectives of corporate governance from the maximize the interests of shareholders to maximize the value of the company. The power of corporate is redistributed in the process of game among stakeholders. The highlight of human capital is advocated in stakeholder theory. To c onclude, I pose that the stakeholder theory is much more appropriate for the modern companies for the long run.

1940-1949 Essay -- Essays Papers

1940-1949 In the United States during the 1940’s, people were getting restless about the war. At the beginning of the 40’s, before the war started, life was pretty much normal and people were talking about how there might be a war. Finally, when the war began, life changed for most Americans. Men were enlisted and drafted to war. Women stayed home and worked numerous jobs to support their family. Industry slowed down so production of weapons, etc. could be produced and shipped to the war. Rationing had to be used so there would be enough food, water, etc. for people to use. It was a change for all people. During the 40’s, especially during the war times, Women had to play the role as mother and father. They had to carry on jobs their husbands used to do, maintain the household environment, and in some cases played baseball to keep the economy up and keep people happy. According to the book, American Decades, by Victor Bond, the war was what brought the country out of depression. The pressure to prepare and produce goods from for the war was enough to jump-start the economy. After the war, the economy kept booming and people were finally getting their lives back together. The beliefs and values in the United Sates were basically to live for the war, and deal with it. There wasn’t much else that could be done. People had husbands, brothers, sons, nephews, etc. entering the war. It took the effort of many Americans to stabilize their lives so that the war wouldn’t bring them down. After the war however, the attitude in the country was very optimistic. People wanted to go to school and get an education. Industry took off again and people were back to their normal lives. Many couples had children. This craze of births is known... ...among blacks. Literature was influenced and art moved to an abstract expressionistic style. The economy grew and America began to regain its strength and power, and used it to grow. The 1940’s, what an amazing time in history. Works Cited Bond, Victor. American Decades, 1940-1949. Gale Research Inc. 1995 Williams, Neville. Chronology of World History, "The Modern World" 1901-1998. Volume IV. Helicon Publishing Limited, 1999 The Reader’s Digest. Great Events of the 20th Century. The Reader’s Digest Association Inc. 1997 University of Dayton Archives. Archives Collection, Albert Emmanuel Hall. -"Hallowed Memories" -"University of Dayton, from Nazareth to the new Millennium" 1850-2000. WDG Publishing. www.lovett.org/libraryweb/amstud.htm Perkins, George and Perkins, Barbara. The American Tradition in Literature. 9th Edition. McGraw-Hill. 1999

Reaction Paper on Game Theory Essay

Game Theory is undeniably new to me. Its concept is just so brilliant that it made me rethink how I ought to see a business’ road to success. In the past, my key idea of winning in the industry was by toppling down competitors, and rising as the sole survivor in the war. Plainly, it’s a winner-take-all perspective. The real target was to capture the entire market then. After reading the theory and the cases suitably alluded to, realizations came to me that I’m way too far from the wisdom good strategists possess. Way too far from making it to the corporate executives’ seat. Way too far from a business’ lifelong success. For Filipinos, it’s always been a â€Å"here-and-now† match. Typically overlooked are the impacts of strategies in the long run, and how competitors and other players in the game would tend to respond. Game theory offers the notion of coopetition — cooperative and competitive ways to change the game. The primary insight of game theory is focusing on others — namely allocentrism. It further states that the game of business is all about value: creating it and capturing it. Many are the so-called mental traps that must be killed in order that one be set for the game or set to change it. We often think that it’s hard and it’s beyond our competencies to dare change the game, and that we should do just what others do — only in a differently-tailored fashion. We go with the flow and no new routes are shaped to arrive at a better position and standing for us and the other players as well. Just like the Zero-Sum View, we tend to see winning only at the loss of another. Because of these delusions, the scales in our eyes gets even thicker and we finally end up blinded from seeing the bigger picture, the whole game. To be able to use game theory as a tool in strategizing, I recognized that it cannot be used without sufficient knowledge in economics. Given a particular action, the players that get affected and would react are to be properly determined. The cause and effect relationship among them must also be linked as it should be. Rational reasoning and forecasting entails academic competence on the subject to enable you to see the domino effect of your decision to others and back to your company. The business game is really like chess. Sometimes you have to give in or even sacrifice some of your aces to obtain a greater advantage or to make a draw at the very end. At times, you must delay a couple of moves to maintain advantage or stay equal with the opponent just like what Nintendo did. Being egocentric must be done away with and altered to focusing on others to facilitate a win-win situation for both parties. An opponent may retaliate or be unwilling to cooperate in the future if one’s strategy always seeks out the highest payoffs at the cost of the other player. That’s the mindset of Kiwi that kept it alive in the game. Also, you must raise your own added value or lower that of others and consider that the role of every player in the game is not fixed. In spite of its applicable purposes, game theory cannot be said to be the perfect treasure map. There will always be creases that would simply be left out unpressed. Be flexible and ready for changes.

The Lucky Six essays

The Lucky Six essays When war broke out, there was no way the world could possibly know the severity of this guerre. Fortunately one country saw and understood that Germany and its allies would have to be stopped. America's Involvement in World War two not only contributed in the eventual downfall of the Adolph Hitler and his Third Reich, but also came at the precise time and moment. Had the United States entered the war any earlier the consequences might have been worse. There is only one way you can see the harshness and pain of the war, through the eyes of a solider, a frogman. Robert Roger Baird was born in Sanger, California on November 4, 1921. Growing up in Sanger was just like any other town in the country. It was a hard life and you just had to get use to it. Every day was typically the same back during the great depression. Every morning it was the same old sun and the same old day. Wake up, help with the chores, go to school and come home and play. Back then you couldnt watch TV or go on the computer. You had to use your imagination and you had to invent your own fun. Some of the best times Mr. Baird had were out playing football out in the hay fields until the sun went down. Once a week on Saturday, the whole family would go into town and the parents would shop, while the children went to the movies for 5 cents. This is what it was like during the depression, nothing like what it is now, maybe sometimes we should be more like it was back then. Mr. Baird graduated from Sanger High School in 1939. After high school, he went on to further his education at Reedley College, later graduated in 1942. He as not satisfied with his education so he later went on to the University of Nevada Reno, where he wanted to go into Civil Engineering. To make college less expensive, he stayed in Minden, Nevada to get his residency. He worked at a large cattle and sheep ranch while he waited to go to college. During this time the draft had just started....

Lubna Olayans Leadership

Lubna Olayans Leadership Major Characteristics Lubna Olayan is one of the most famous and influential women in Saudi business and all over the world. The woman has become one of the most influential people in the world since her appointment as the chief executive office of the Olayan Financing Company (Sadi Al-Ghazali, 2009, p. 1). According to Forbes magazine, this Saudi businesswoman has been the first to overcome the barriers that the Eastern women have been facing while entering the business world (Sadi Al-Ghazali, 2009, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lubna Olayans Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition, Lubna Olayan is involved into the membership of the International Business Council and the International Advisory Board of the Council on Foreign Relations. Olayan is also member of the Board at the first venture organization. Judging from the above-presented description, the person possesses powerful leadership skills, because she managed to overcome the male dominance and change the attitude to women in Saudi Arabia. Challenges Faced By the Leader It is known that Jeddah Economic Forum is forbidden for women and, therefore, they have to stay in the balcony with no right to express their opinion. All they have at their disposal is the right to submit questions in the written form (Weston, 2008, p. 439). However, Ms. Olayan realized that this barrier should be overcome; otherwise, their right to freedom of speech accepted all over the world would be lost forever. She was among those brave women who managed to communicate directly with man (Weston, 2008, p. 440). While talking to men, her headscarf slipped back uncovering more of her hair. This picture was presented on the front pages of magazines and it was heavily criticized by male participants of the forum. This was a serious challenge for Ms. Olayan, but her willingness to win was overwhelming. Aside of taboos imposed on the Muslim women expressing themselves freely, there are also certain limitations imposed on women striving to work and to be promoted in professional terms. In this respect, Mr. Olayan had to overcome job instability in the country to become the head of one of the biggest multinational companies in the world (Weston, 2008, p. 439). Her speech was also connected with the fight for gender equality. Achievements of Lubna Olayan At the forum, Lubna Olayan, managed to present the most notable speech that was broadcasted on the Saudi satellite network ART (Weston, 2008, p. 440). In the speech, the businesswoman and acknowledged financer criticized the common belief that it was possible to promote technological advancement without bringing any changes to social organization. She also insisted that, if Saudi Arabia wanted changes, the progress could be achieved through the introduction of social change at different levels (Weston, 2008, p. 440). In addition to the above, Ms. Olayan has managed to achieve incredible results in business and finance and make the Arab world re-evaluate the firmly established traditions and stereotypes with regard to Muslim women and to the future of Saudi society (Sidani, 2005).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More More importantly, Lubna Olayan has contributed greatly to presenting the new status of women in the community, which requires a significant re-assessment of existing social patterns. The dispute has been uncovered between religious and feminist movements forwarding different judgments and arguments. Leadership Characteristics of Ms. Olayan Lubna Olayan is powerful leader who has managed to overcome religious and cultural constraints and become the head of the most influential company. She is one of the richest women in the world and she one of the most influential figures ever known outside the United States. Judging from her achievement, she is a born leader who has strictly identified goals and objectives. The businesswoman also possesses efficient decision-making and problem solving skills. Olayan’s achievements also indicate the leader’s intelligence, high rate of personal energy, and clearly outlined values and beliefs. Decisiveness and self-confident have assisted the leader in coping with the problems of inequality and fighting for the female rights. Identifying Leadership Style While considering the description of Olayan’s leadership characteristics, it should be noted that the businesswomen resorts to a combination of authoritarian and democratic leadership styles. Hence, due to the fact that the leader is a good narrator and coach and she is competent in different speech, it was possible for her to motivate other subordinates to learn and advance their skills. At the same time, the leader is able to rely on workers’ decision and provide enough space for problem solving, which means that democratic means are also applicable to the case. Importantly, because Ms. Olayan has managed to achieve significant results in business management and finance, she makes use of all styles in order to handle each particular situation effectively. Conclusion It should be stated that Lubna Olayan is the brightest example of great leadership in the sphere of business management and finance. The businesswoman has managed to make a serious shift in the attitude to women in particular and Arab society in general. What is more important, she can be considered as one of the most powerful and influential leader embracing a number of effective management techniques. References Sadi, M. A., Al-Ghazali, B. M. (2009). Doing business with impudence: A focus on women entrepreneurship in Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Business Management. 4(1), 1-11.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Lubna Olayans Leadership specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Sidani, Y. (2005). Women, work, and Islam in Arab societies. Women in Management Review, 20(7), 498-512. Weston, M. (2008). Prophets and princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the present. NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

Virtue and trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Virtue and trust - Essay Example Topic Sentences Entertainment media have in most cases brought out morality as an element that is dependent on social status. It has brought out the society as one full of favourism and one that is inclined towards benefiting only those living within the high social classes. However, it is quite incorrect to classify people as more or less moral based on their economic statuses. It places the society in an awkward position of everyone wanting to exist in the middle class and above zones so as to be acceptable in the society. It creates an imbalance thereby creating a general negative stereotype that places the working class in a situation forcing them to struggle to move to upper economic classes. As such, it is quite unfortunate that this stereotype has taken precedence in the entertainment media that is quite common with most of people in this world. There are substantial reasons supporting the fact that virtue is not much dependable on the economic class that one belongs in. Some of these reasons are discussed herein. Reason Movie producers have in their production processes lightened up the much needed light in the society with respect to how the world observes morality. Morality is a personality theme meaning that it cannot be a society attribute but more of a personal conviction. It is the path of right followed by individuals. It is defined by an existence and is independent of social status. As such, it cannot be acquired by use of money or wealth.

Criminology Theories. A glimpse into the future Case Study

Criminology Theories. A glimpse into the future - Case Study Example . However, because of the stigma attached to the primary deviance, these same people often consciously considered a form of secondary deviance behavior that reinforced the beliefs of the same mainstream society that shunned them in the first place. It is my contention that with smoking outlawed, that the people who had been addicted to the substance before it was made illegal would have continued to smoke, but the process would have involved a number of illegal activities and hidden behaviors given the social condemnation of the act. These would include behaviors such as growing tobacco plants, harvesting and selling the substances, much in the same way marijuana is being grown and distributed in society today. It is clear that the changes mentioned in this case scenario would impact the types of laws that are of importance to society. For example it would appear that traffic offences and deaths would be substantially reduced due to the changes in transportation, and that inner urban areas would become more crowded as people moved from high population areas such as Florida for example, inland to where they were less likely to be affected by flooding.